Angina is a type of chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. It is a common symptom of coronary artery disease, a condition in which the arteries supplying blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque. Angina is often described as a pressure, squeezing, or tightness in the chest and may radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. It is typically triggered by physical exertion, emotional stress, or other factors that increase the heart’s demand for oxygen.

There are two main types of angina: stable and unstable. Stable angina follows a predictable pattern, occurring during exertion or stress and easing with rest. Unstable angina, on the other hand, can occur unexpectedly, even at rest, and is considered a medical emergency as it may signal an impending heart attack. Another less common type, known as variant or Prinzmetal’s angina, is caused by temporary spasms in the coronary arteries that reduce blood flow. Recognising which type is present is crucial for determining appropriate medical care and lifestyle adjustments.

The underlying cause of angina is usually atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. Over time, this narrowing limits the heart’s oxygen supply, especially during activity when demand increases. Other contributing factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and high cholesterol levels. A family history of heart disease or a sedentary lifestyle can also increase the risk.