Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or dizziness that makes a person feel as though they or their surroundings are moving when they are actually still. It is not a condition itself but a symptom of underlying issues affecting the inner ear or brain. Vertigo can occur suddenly and last for seconds, minutes, or even hours, depending on the cause, and can significantly affect balance and daily activities.

The most common type is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), which happens when tiny calcium crystals in the inner ear become dislodged and interfere with balance signals. Other causes include inner ear infections, migraines, or conditions like Ménière’s disease, which involves fluid buildup in the inner ear. Less commonly, vertigo can result from head injuries, certain medications, or neurological problems.

Symptoms often include spinning sensations, loss of balance, nausea, vomiting, and unsteadiness when walking. Some people also experience ringing in the ears, hearing loss, or a feeling of fullness in the ear. Movements such as turning the head or standing up too quickly can worsen the sensation.